How to Name Ionic Compounds

Ionic compounds consist of cations (positive ions) and anions (negative ions). Ionic compound nomenclature or naming  is based on the names of the component ions. In all cases, ionic compound naming gives the positively charged cation first, followed by the negatively charged anion. Here are the principal naming conventions for ionic compounds, along with examples to show how they are used: Roman Numerals in Ionic Compound Names A Roman numeral in parentheses, followed by the name of the element, is used for elements that can form more than one positive ion. There is no space between the element name and the parenthesis. This notation is usually seen with metals since they commonly display more than one oxidation state or valence. You can use a chart to see the possible valences for the elements. Fe2 Iron(II)Fe3 Iron(III)Cu Copper(I)Cu2 Copper(II) Example: Fe2O3 is iron(III) oxide. Naming Ionic Compounds Using  -ous and -ic Although Roman numerals are used to denote the ionic charge of cations, it is still common to see and use the endings -ous or -ic. These endings are added to the Latin name of the element (e.g., stannous/stannic for tin) to represent the ions with lesser or greater charge, respectively. The Roman numeral naming convention has wider appeal because many ions have more than two valences. Fe2 FerrousFe3 FerricCu CuprousCu2 Cupric Example: FeCl3 is ferric chloride or iron(III) chloride. Naming Ionic Compounds Using  -ide The -ide ending is added to the name of a monoatomic ion of an element. H- HydrideF- FluorideO2- OxideS2- SulfideN3- NitrideP3- Phosphide Example: Cu3P is copper phosphide or copper(I) phosphide. Naming Ionic Compounds Using  -ite and -ate Some polyatomic anions contain oxygen. These anions are called oxyanions. When an element forms two oxyanions, the one with less oxygen is given a name ending in -ite and the one with more oxygen are given a name that ends in -ate. NO2- NitriteNO3- NitrateSO32- SulfiteSO42- Sulfate Example: KNO2 is potassium nitrite, while KNO3 is potassium nitrate. Naming Ionic Compounds Using hypo- and per- In the case where there is a series of four oxyanions, the hypo- and per- prefixes are used in conjunction with the -ite and -ate suffixes. The hypo- and per- prefixes indicate less oxygen and more oxygen, respectively. ClO- HypochloriteClO2- ChloriteClO3- ChlorateClO4- Perchlorate Example: The bleaching agent sodium hypochlorite is NaClO. It is also sometimes called the sodium salt of hypochlorous acid. Ionic Compounds Containing bi- and di- Hydrogen Polyatomic anions sometimes gain one or more H ions to form anions of a lower charge. These ions are named by adding the word hydrogen or dihydrogen in front of the name of the anion. It is still common to see and use the older naming convention in which the prefix bi- is used to indicate the addition of a single hydrogen ion. HCO3- Hydrogen carbonate or bicarbonateHSO4- Hydrogen sulfate or bisulfateH2PO4- Dihydrogen phosphate Example: The classic example is the chemical name for water, H2O, which is dihydrogen monoxide or dihydrogen oxide. Dihydrogen dioxide, H2O2, is more commonly called hydrogen dioxide or hydrogen peroxide.

Articles of Confederation vs Constitution - 1422 Words

Mallory Pineda AE 1 The Articles of Confederation and United States Constitution are two documents that shaped the U.S. government into what it is today. The Articles of Confederation (AOC) was the first Constitution of the United States. Americans soon realized that this document had to be substantially modified because the U.S. needed a stronger government. The AOC was thought of as an ineffective national government document, although there were some strong points. The AOC was ratified in 1781, and replaced by an improved document known as the United States Constitution in 1789. An unknown person once said, â€Å"Perhaps the greatest service rendered by the Articles of Confederation was the impetus its shortcomings gave to those who†¦show more content†¦This plan also called for the lower house to be elected directly by the people and the upper house to be elected by the lower house. This plan as well called for a Chief Executive and a Federal Court system, and it gave Congress the power to tax and regulate interstate commerce. The Large State Plan gave the national government the power to legislate, and gave a proposed national Council of Revision a veto power over state legislatures. The delegates loved the sound of this fundamental reform plan. The Virginia Plan struck opposition among delegates from the smaller states and thus a competing plan, presented by William Patterson, known as the New Jersey Plan, or Small State Plan, came into action. This plan kept federal powers rather limited and created no new Congress. Instead, the plan enlarged some of the supremacies then held by the Continental Congress. It also called for a plural executive branch and a federal court system like the Virginia Plan. This plan was not as highly sought out as the Virginia Plan, so in turn was rejected which caused the supporters of the Virginia Plan to make amends to the smaller states. This in turn resulted in members of the Senate being elected by the state legislatures. After the Virginia and New Jersey Plan delegates worked out a series of compromises between these competingShow MoreRelatedArticles Of Confederation Vs. The Constitution Essay1448 Words   |  6 PagesJake Roseman AP GOV and Politics February 1 Articles of Confederation Vs. The Constitution There were plenty of differences between the Constitution and the Articles of Confederation. When the American Revolution ended the free states needed some sort of control that would create a unified country. 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A few years after the Articles of Confederation were drafted many politicians and economists, such as Alexander Hamilton, began to see problems with the decentralized form of government that was created

Huckleberry Finn Essay Summary Example For Students

Huckleberry Finn Essay Summary In extreme cases the book, Huckleberry Finn, has been banned from some schools because of the depiction of racial tension towards Jim, the black slave, in Huckleberry Finn. This story takes place at a time where slavery was considered moral. Blacks were considered inferior to whites, but Huckleberry challenges the notion that he was raised upon. Through Huckleberry s adventures Twain expresses his challenge towards civilization s rules and moral code. One must read between the lines and reach for the meaning in Mark Twain s subtle literature dialog. If one were to do this that one would realize that it is not racist, but anti-slavery. For someone to think that Twain considering the era was racist would ludicrous. Considering that Mark Twain is a revolutionary writer and must use detail from an era to make the story unique he shouldn t be considered racist. Their time period is set around the Civil War which was fought for abolishment of slavery. Huck to some people would be the argument for Twain s racism, but Huck was raised from a boy by people with extreme hatred towards blacks such like Pap and Miss Watson. Even if bigotry was part of Huck s attitude towards blacks it should be excused. Towards the end of the novel Huck encounters Aunt Sally who makes a remark towards blacks. She remarked that thank god no one was hurt but it was okay if a black person was. This is just a fine example of the extremities that Huck was raised under and the society s views towards blacks. Twain is merely revealing the harsh truth of society in a subtle tone. It is also important to remember that Mark Twain s description of Jim was not being racist but honest. Back in their era majority of black slaves were non-educated, ignorant, never allowed independence, and were maltreated. Twain was merely using the historical accuracy to his advantage in the novel for a heightened impact. Since Huck is the center piece of the novel people could say that Mark Twain expressed himself through the character. They would use the fact Huck was degrading Jim. As I have said Huck was raised that way from a child, but he evolved to different beliefs. In the beginning after Huck and Jim have run away they find each other. Huck s first step to overcoming prejudice occurs on that island. Huck feels relief that he is no longer alone and needs Jim for comfort. You start to see a bond form which never forms between man and his â€Å"property†. This may not be a gigantic step but it is a step. As the story unfold farther they form a rather special bond of needing each other which shows strong when Jim is auctioned off. He decides to save Jim which is totally unheard of for a white to do for a black. At first he challenges his views of religion whether or not he should write Miss Watson, his owner, and probably still lose Jim for good, or go for Jim himself. Huck decides that he would rather be damned to hell than lose Jim, so he tears up the note a journeys forward. Huck challenged society s views which damns himself to â€Å"kissing boot heels† or humiliation for helping a slave. Huck evolved from â€Å"sivilized† boy to an â€Å"unsivilized† or non-racist boy. The society s values and views are an important factor in this novel. They are brought out to show the horrible society which we once embraced. Huck goes through a complete metamorphosis and stops accepting their values. In a very satirizing and subtle manner Twain tell the reader not to be racist, not to advocate racism, but to challenge society s beliefs which they accepted.

Compare and contrast the methods used by Zeffirelli and Luhrmann in the opening scenes of their films Essay Example For Students

Compare and contrast the methods used by Zeffirelli and Luhrmann in the opening scenes of their films Essay Shakespeares play Romeo and Juliet is one of Shakespeares most interesting and well-known plays. It may even be the most well known play in the world! For this reason, many attempts have been made, by a variety of directors, to interpret and present the Shakespearian tale in their own way, tying to make it creative, original, and unique. The two directors who have succeeded most at doing this are Franco Zeffirelli and Baz Luhrmann, the two films I will be concentrating on. For those who are not aware, Romeo and Juliet tells the tale of two star-crossed lovers, Juliet (13 years old) and Romeo (17 years old) who secretly fall in love and marry. Their families, the Montagues and Capulets, have been fierce enemies for generations. Why, I hear you ask? Well theres no real cause. In the end, their love for one another is doomed. Using this as their basis, the two directors take a very different approach in portraying the play. Franco Zeffirelli went for a more traditional style, whereas Baz Luhrmann attempted to thrill his audience with a comedic modern twist, still keeping the original dialogue. In my opinion, Baz Luhrmanns film is aimed at a younger audience, teenagers for instance, due to the slang, comedy, hip modern feel, and gun violence culture, which seems to be a growing part of our world today. Also, it is set in twentieth century Mexico City, trying to create a modern Miami sort of feel. However, Franco Zeffirellis version, set in the fifteenth century, is aimed at an older audience, adults and the elderly in particular in my opinion. One of the main differences between the two films, apart from the time set, is the opening scenes. The Zeffirelli version has quite a slow opening, and takes a while to get in to the action, in contrast to a fast and furious opening of Luhrmanns film. Obviously one big difference is the time periods of each movie. The older movie was set in Early Renaissance times, whereas the newer movie is set in the early ninetys, but its the opening scenes which display an almost no comparison. Special effects is a key feature in the latest film explosions and gunfights giving an action packed modern twist. In the older version there was no use of special effects, therefore, the movie totally relied on great acting to be convincing. In keeping with the sets and effects, the costumes too are very different. On one hand, Zeffirellis film displays historically accurate clothing, tunics, doublet and hose, and harlequin costumes. These were all typical clothing types in the early Renaissance period. On the other hand, Lurhmanns film uses shirts and jeans, Latino boots, designer suits, beach clothes, and other modern clothing items like jewellery (chains, earrings/studs), to give a very modern feel. Another major difference in the films that is seen often throughout the Lurhmann film is the actors smoking. Obviously in the time of this play, and in Shakespearian times smoking didnt exist. Something as simple as a lit cigarette in ones hand adds a cool and modern feel to the film. There is also a contrast between the choice of weapons and methods of transport. There is almost no comparison between these two factors. Zeffirelli used again historically accurate swords and daggers, bow and arrows, horseback, foot, and horse and carriage. However, the use of guns, explosive effects, sporty kitted cars, helicopters, and speedboats contrasts with this in the modern film. Its simple things like this which can straight away tell the viewer the time period the film is set. Example; space ships and flying cars, obviously in the future, modern cars, bikes, planes, somewhere within the last few decades, horseback, boat, carriage, back in the past. .uc611b6cd58492344a977891d8595668f , .uc611b6cd58492344a977891d8595668f .postImageUrl , .uc611b6cd58492344a977891d8595668f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc611b6cd58492344a977891d8595668f , .uc611b6cd58492344a977891d8595668f:hover , .uc611b6cd58492344a977891d8595668f:visited , .uc611b6cd58492344a977891d8595668f:active { border:0!important; } .uc611b6cd58492344a977891d8595668f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc611b6cd58492344a977891d8595668f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc611b6cd58492344a977891d8595668f:active , .uc611b6cd58492344a977891d8595668f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc611b6cd58492344a977891d8595668f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc611b6cd58492344a977891d8595668f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc611b6cd58492344a977891d8595668f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc611b6cd58492344a977891d8595668f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc611b6cd58492344a977891d8595668f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc611b6cd58492344a977891d8595668f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc611b6cd58492344a977891d8595668f .uc611b6cd58492344a977891d8595668f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc611b6cd58492344a977891d8595668f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Romeo And Juliet Critical EssayThe techniques of filming are also different. A good example of the different techniques is at the beginning of the two films, the street fights. In the Lurhmann version, at the petrol station there is a lot of use of long and short shots, use of close-up, aerial shots, and low angle shots, which the Zeffirelli version also uses, but also there are other techniques like speeded-up film, freeze-frames, wipes and quick zoom which Zeffirelli does not use. In the street fight in the town market, Zeffirelli uses a highly mobile camera in cinema verite style, and there is a lot of use of aerial shots, and close-ups. There was one thing I noticed in both the films, the use of when introducing Tybalt. Here the camera starts off low, looking at the feet and legs of the person, then slowing raising up the the face as they introduce the character. This is a good technique to use to introduce an important character as the audience will know it must be someone important from the filming technique. Use of sound also differs. In the prologue in Zeffirellis version there is calm orchestral music, relaxing and slow, and also the voiceover of Laurence Olivier in an old fashioned style. Aerial shots slowly panning across the hazy morning of Verona city are used here also. However,in the Luhrmann version, very intense modern opera music is used to build the heat and the voice over is done in a more serious way, in a less calm and old voice as Laurence Olivier. A lot of wipes, quick zooms, close ups, and speeded up film is used here also. Music and sound effects is used throughout both versions. In Lurhmanns, there is spaghetti western style music to go with the gunplay and also the operatic music coming back in after the petrol station goes up in flames (due to the gunfight at the beginning between the montagues and capulets). In the Zeffirelli version there is less music to act as background sound, instead, there is sound effects like a busy market place, the sounding of the bell, a nd screaming and shouting as the fight breaks out. The sound of the bugels when the prince enters instantly lets the viewers know he is an important person, this is a very good sound effect used. Sound effects in Lurhmanns version are very urban, like explosions gunshots, helicopter blades, whereas Zeffirelli has used more the peaceful and natural sounds. The images in the Luhrmann version are modern and media orientated. This is why he begins the prologue with the television set, on the news, to give the viewer the instant impression that the film is set in the modern world, with media being an important factor. Another example of modern imagery is the first time we see Father Laurence when he is conducting experiments with modern scientific equipment, which you wouldnt see in Zeffirellis version! Also he has a huge tattoo on his back, which again is modern as tattoos havent been around for that long. Other interesting modern images you can notice in the Luhrmann version include fireworks at the party, and smoking. A lot of the characters including Romeo are sometimes seen smoking a cigarette. On the other hand, the pictures presented to the audience in the Zeffirelli version are very old, swords instead of guns, horse instead of car etc. Zeffirellis Romeo and Juliet are played by two young unknowns, Leonard Whiting (sixteen years old) and Olivia Hussey (fifteen years old). This was in keeping with the time in which it was made, when there was a generation gap, and they would have been seen as innocent youth taking on the mean minded older people. The actors in the Luhrmann version, however, are well known Leonardo DiCaprio, and not so well known Claire Danes who were 21 and 17 years old when the film was being made. They are different to them in the Zeffirelli version because the acting is more exaggerated, less traditional, and more stylized. .u2d84cb1830799b3fa2462e04f035c66e , .u2d84cb1830799b3fa2462e04f035c66e .postImageUrl , .u2d84cb1830799b3fa2462e04f035c66e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2d84cb1830799b3fa2462e04f035c66e , .u2d84cb1830799b3fa2462e04f035c66e:hover , .u2d84cb1830799b3fa2462e04f035c66e:visited , .u2d84cb1830799b3fa2462e04f035c66e:active { border:0!important; } .u2d84cb1830799b3fa2462e04f035c66e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2d84cb1830799b3fa2462e04f035c66e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2d84cb1830799b3fa2462e04f035c66e:active , .u2d84cb1830799b3fa2462e04f035c66e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2d84cb1830799b3fa2462e04f035c66e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2d84cb1830799b3fa2462e04f035c66e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2d84cb1830799b3fa2462e04f035c66e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2d84cb1830799b3fa2462e04f035c66e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2d84cb1830799b3fa2462e04f035c66e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2d84cb1830799b3fa2462e04f035c66e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2d84cb1830799b3fa2462e04f035c66e .u2d84cb1830799b3fa2462e04f035c66e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2d84cb1830799b3fa2462e04f035c66e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How does Shakespeare present the role of women in the play "The Winter's Tale" EssayTo sum up, the two films of Romeo and Juliet were both created and directed brilliantly by the two directors, and its hard to believe a some points that the films are both set on the same story! Theres so much thats different about them! Appart from the obvious time set, one being Shakespearian times (Zefirellis) and one being the modern world (Lurhmanns), the language/dialect is different, the transport methods and weapons are different, and also the filming styles and sound effects are different! I think they are both great films and to get a true feeling of the story I would prefer to wa tch the older version, but I do however like Lurhmanns version more due to it being a more exciting, active and modern film.